Thus, environmental factors negatively impact the performance, affecting their durability. Polymers and composite materials are often exposed to environmental influences such as water, humidity, elevated temperatures, pH, mechanical stress, and their combinations. Among the major benefits these materials offer are the high stiffness to weight ratio, which makes a strong case for the transportation industry, and the good durability, which has supported the use of composites in aggressive environments. The use of composite materials is expected to grow even more, mainly driven by two trends: (1) the requirements for reduced CO 2 emissions, which can be partially achieved by reducing the mass of vehicles and (2) new manufacturing methods, which can increase the production rate and reduce the unit cost for components, such as forming. The present work is focused on modelling engineering mechanical properties.Ĭomposite materials have been used more widely in engineering and product applications in the last decades, and this trend continues. This review is a continuation of the authors’ work on modelling environmental ageing of polymer composites: the first part of the review covered multiscale and modular modelling methods of environmental degradation. Service lifetimes are predicted by means of degradation rate models, superposition principles, and parametrisation techniques. Accelerated testing methods for predicting static, creep, and fatig ue lifetime of various polymers and polymer composites under environmental factors’ single or coupled influence are overviewed. This review offers a systematised overview of the state-of-the-art models and accelerated testing methodologies for predicting the long-term mechanical performance of polymers and polymer composites. Based on physical observations of composite macroproperties, engineering and phenomenological models provide manageable representations of complex mechanistic models. Durability prediction models are often subject to conflicting requirements of versatility and minimum experimental efforts required for their validation. Therefore, modelling is an affordable alternative that can partly replace extensive testing and thus reduce validation costs. Validation of new composite materials and structures often involves lengthy and expensive testing programs. The uncertainty of the material interaction with the environment compromises their superior strength and stiffness. Polymers and polymer composites are negatively impacted by environmental ageing, reducing their service lifetimes.
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